Duke undergraduate - Duke offers a multitude of opportunities to its undergraduates. We’re looking for students ready to respond to those opportunities intelligently, creatively, and enthusiastically. We …

 
 Advanced undergraduate courses (senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses) 500-699: Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates: 700-999: Graduate-only courses (not open to undergraduates) Suffix Course Type; A: Courses that are taught away from Duke’s Durham campus, e.g., study abroad or domestic away programs. D . Mden

Credential. Minor in Financial Economics. (Not available to Economics first or second majors, or Economics minors.) Requirements. 1 statistics prerequisite course. 1 or 2 math prerequisite courses. 2 core economics courses. 3 finance electives. *Note: BS majors can optionally pursue the Concentration in Financial Economics within the degree. Tuition & Required Fees: 2023-2024 2022-2023: Tuition (Trinity College and Pratt Engineering) $31,725.00 $30,217.50: UGrad First Time Registration (first year students only) Details of the Devil: The History of Duke’s Mascot. There is so much more to the Blue Devil than you know. Details of the Devil: The History of Duke’s Mascot premieres on YouTube March 19th at 6:00pm. Check it out to hear all the stories you never knew about Duke University’s iconic symbol. Watch Video on YouTube.All undergraduate students are expected to occupy their room or apartment according to the schedule outlined below. Students with exceptions are approved by the Housing Assignments Office. ... Duke University is not liable for damage or loss of personal property kept in the resident’s assigned space or in other areas of University housing ...The Academic Deans of Trinity College take pleasure in awarding the Deans' Summer Research Fellowship (DSRF) in support of undergraduate research and inquiry in the arts and sciences. The goals of the DSRF are to strengthen undergraduate research opportunities for undergraduates, to enlarge the scope of undergraduate research …Duke Medical Students Celebrate Match Day 2024. March 15, 2024. Each year, fourth-year medical students across the country view the third week of March as the …The Duke Precision Medicine Program is pleased to work with undergraduate students interested in gaining first-hand experience about applied genomics and precision medicine. Our faculty collaborate with several departments and schools, including Engineering, Medicine, Nursing, and Sanford. We periodically have special student programs, work ...For the 2021-2022 academic year, Duke received 49,555 applications for undergraduate admissions, representing an increase of almost 25 percent from the prior year. About 10,000 more potential students submitted applications for 2021 admissions, compared to last year’s 39,717 undergraduate applications. “This was, by far, the largest …At Duke, she is the co-artistic director of Street Medicine Street-style Dance team and a former dance captain of Nakisai African Dance Ensemble. She is also a …Two courses from Area I: Medieval and Early Modern. One course from Area II: 18th and 19th Century. One course from Area III: Modern and Contemporary. One Criticism, Theory or Methodology (CTM) course. One Diversity course. Three English Course Electives, at the 200-level or above (except for English 313A and 313A-1 Internship in New York)Start your journey with Duke. We offer many kinds of learning opportunities to meet the needs of today’s learner. Duke’s online courses and programs range from short on-demand courses to complete graduate degree programs. Explore our Courses and Programs pages to find an offering that meets your needs. Each entry includes a link to enroll ...Information at Your Fingertips. We want everything to be easy and accessible for you during the application process. In doing so, we created this page for you to find information quickly and seamlessly. Disable …Undergraduates can pursue independent study courses guided by faculty, participate in the summer research and/or the Identity in Computing Research programs, and graduate with a distinction in research. To stay … Box 90586. Durham, NC 27708-0586. Email:[email protected]. Phone:(919) 684-3214. Fax:(919) 668-1661. JOIN OUR MAILING LIST. Created with Sketch. Duke does not consider personal contact with regional admissions officers or other admissions staff as a factor when making admissions decisions. If you have general questions about Duke ... Undergraduate classes end; Some graduate (500-699) classes end: April 25 – 28: Thursday – Sunday: Undergraduate reading period: April 29: Monday: Final examinations begin (9:00 AM) ... Approved April 21, 2022 University Schedule Committee Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708. Duke University. Undergraduate Bulletin Home About Student Resources. Policies. All Programs. Courses Home ... 2023-2024 Undergraduate Bulletin. 38. Undergraduate Areas of Study. 137. Faculty Members. 685. Featured Video. When Duke senior Joseph (Joey) Scarpa plays the Aeolian organ in Duke Chapel, he says it’s …SAT and/or ACT Scores (optional, standardized tests must be taken by January 31) Arts Supplement (optional) February 1. Financial Aid. CSS Profile. FAFSA. February 15. Midyear Grade Report (or as soon as first marking period grades are …Learn about the undergraduate experience at Duke Computer Science. 1. 2. Computer Science offers incredible opportunities as both a field of study and as a foundation for continued work in academic and professional areas. As an internationally recognized leader in research and education, our department enables undergraduates to take classes ...Undergraduate. There are a variety of ways for undergrads to study at the Marine Lab—with or without a marine science major. All Duke students in good standing are eligible. The Duke Marine Lab offers undergraduate residential courses taught by world-renowned faculty from Duke University and other universities and research institutions.What Courses Should I Take? Our program provides a wide variety of options in your course of study. For our majors, after completing a set of core courses, you can sample from a … Our mission is to serve as the hub for all undergraduate environmental activity, communications, and programming at Duke. We partner with environmental clubs, community members, neighboring institutions, Duke faculty members, administrators, university staff, and the larger student body to facilitate conversations and collaboration around sustainability on campus and beyond. Learn how you can connect and develop a sense of belonging. Housing and Residence Life manages all aspects of the university’s three-year undergraduate residency requirement. Residential programs are designed to build positive communities that value learning, create new opportunities for faculty engagement, and generate positive social …Undergraduate Research Support Office. 011 Allen Building Duke University Box 90051 Durham, NC 27708-0051. 919.684.9259 [email protected] 50% range for SAT & ACT scores for accepted students 1520–1570 34–35 SAT: ACT: TEST SCORES 2027 CLASS PROFILE OUR STUDENTS BY THE NUMBERSShopping carts open for Spring 2023. Wednesday, November 2. Registration begins for Spring 2023. Friday, November 11. Last day to withdraw with W from Fall 2022 classes (undergraduates only) Monday, November 14. Registration ends for Spring 2023. Tuesday, November 15. Drop/Add begins for Spring 2023.Undergraduate Research Support Office. 011 Allen Building Duke University Box 90051 Durham, NC 27708-0051. 919.684.9259 [email protected] Services Coordinator. [email protected]. (919) 613-7320. Suzanne Pierce is the Student Services Coordinator for the Public Policy Undergraduate Program. She has over 24 years of experience at Duke University working with undergraduate students. Undergraduate. Mathematics teaches you to think deeply about simple things. Developing comfort and skill with precise, analytical thinking is an incredible asset no matter where life takes you, or what career path you ultimately pursue. As the purest form of quantitative analytical reasoning, Math has applications in nearly every other science. Duke only accepts artistic supplements submitted through the online Slideroom portal. Do not mail Artistic Supplements to the Music Department office or to the Admissions Office, as those materials will not be formally reviewed. To apply to Duke or find other general information, go to the Duke Undergraduate Admissions website.Undergraduate Research Support Office. 011 Allen Building Duke University Box 90051 Durham, NC 27708-0051. 919.684.9259 [email protected] at Duke. Our goal is for all Duke students to develop proficiency in a second language in order to fully explore other histories and literatures, to gain an understanding and appreciation for culture as embodied in language, and to bring new perspectives that enhance understanding of issues of similarity and difference. Duke University. Undergraduate Bulletin Home About Student Resources. Policies. All Programs. Courses Home ... 2023-2024 Undergraduate Bulletin. Duke's undergraduate curriculum encompasses 34 course credits, including courses that fulfill a major, and satisfy various general education requirements. Directors of Undergraduate Studies: The director of undergraduate studies (DUS) is the departmental or program officer responsible for coordinating and overseeing the undergraduate …Mar 21, 2023 · NEW MAJORS & MINOR. The Earth & Climate Sciences major or minor is available to students who matriculated fall 2021 and later. Students who matriculated in fall 2020 or prior can either choose the new major or continue with their major in Earth & Ocean Sciences. If you have questions, please contact Brian McAdoo, Director of Undergraduate Studies. The Office of Undergraduate Admissions is committed to accessibility in all campus visit experiences. If you have any questions about accessibility, please contact Idella Hackett … October 14-17 (Sa-Tu) Fall break. October 23 (M) Shopping carts open for Spring 2024. November. November 1 (W) Registration begins for Spring 2024. November 10 (F) Last day to withdraw with W from fall classes. November 22-26 (W-Su) Thanksgiving recess. December. December 8 (F) Undergraduate classes end. For B.S. Math Degree. The B.S. Math degree requires a pair of science courses from the following list: Physics: PHYSICS 25 (AP), 141L, 151L, OR 161D. AND PHYSICS 26 (AP), 142L, 152L, OR 162D. Statistical Science: STA 210 AND (STA 360 or STA 325) Economics: ECON 205D AND ECON 210D.An Independent Study (I.S.) gives you the option to pursue a research or another academic topic that may interest you with the guidance of a faculty member. Independent studies may only be given by a Duke University faculty member. You may do more than 1 independent study during a semester as long as the topics and work are distinctly …Student Services Coordinator. [email protected]. (919) 613-7320. Suzanne Pierce is the Student Services Coordinator for the Public Policy Undergraduate Program. She has over 24 years of experience at Duke University working with undergraduate students.Bachelor of Science in Biology. An in-depth learning experience where you will build a strong foundation of Biology, Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics, then explore upper-level classes in the areas of Biology that fascinate you the most. You will have the opportunity to conduct independent research and specialize in one of our 12 areas of ...Funding and Support. Undergraduate research is strongly supported by Trinity College of Arts and Sciences through the Office of Undergraduate Research Support (URS), available to help students think about their research interests and better understand the variety of opportunities for undergraduate research at Duke along with a growing list of ...During her last undergraduate semester at Duke, Aasha Henderson worked with colleagues in Sociology and Nursing to examine health outcomes in a Latinx community. ... Assistant to the Director of Undergraduate Studies. Amanda Archibald. Program Coord (919) 660-5614. [email protected]. Sociology. 276 Reuben-Cooke 417 …Undergraduate Programs. If you’re a Duke undergraduate, studying global health can provide a multidisciplinary lens on the complex challenges of our interconnected world. Along with the knowledge gained through global health coursework, you’ll have opportunities to participate in research, service and field experiences. Box 90586. Durham, NC 27708-0586. Email:[email protected]. Phone:(919) 684-3214. Fax:(919) 668-1661. JOIN OUR MAILING LIST. Created with Sketch. Duke does not consider personal contact with regional admissions officers or other admissions staff as a factor when making admissions decisions. If you have general questions about Duke ... Our list of GSF alums offers more information on the variety of work that our former students now engage in. After reading about the undergraduate degree options and advising in Gender, Sexuality and Feminist Studies, we invite you to contact Jeremy Boomhower at [email protected] or (919) 684-3770 with your questions. Duke University is a private institution that was founded in 1838. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 6,640 (fall 2022), and the campus size is 8,693 acres. It utilizes a semester-based ... Undergraduates. COLE is about developing the next generation of leaders. As such, COLE seeks to empower and develop students to become leaders of consequence. The center offers the following programs and resources for Duke Undergraduate students: COLE Undergraduate Scholar and Internship Program: is a highly selective program (launched …Bass Connections Brain & Society Theme, which enables undergraduates to partner with faculty, graduate students, and postdocs on interdisciplinary research teams. Cognitive Neuroscience Research Internship, which is a fully paid semester-long research internship for Duke undergraduate students who want to learn how to conduct research on human ...Duke's undergraduate curriculum encompasses 34 course credits, including courses that fulfill a major, and satisfy various general education requirements. Directors of Undergraduate Studies: The director of undergraduate studies (DUS) is the departmental or program officer responsible for coordinating and overseeing the undergraduate …Duke Biology is one of the few broad Biology Departments in the country, providing students, faculty, and staff with the opportunity to learn and perform research in a highly integrative and interactive setting. Our department hosts over 50 faculty, studying areas spanning developmental biology, cell biology, molecular biology, ecology ...Learn More. Our Degrees. We offer multiple pathways for students to graduate with a Biology degree. Our offerings include both a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Arts, along …Middle 50% range for SAT & ACT scores for accepted students 1520–1570 34–35 SAT: ACT: TEST SCORES 2027 CLASS PROFILE OUR STUDENTS BY THE NUMBERS Email: [email protected]. Administration: 114 S Buchanan Blvd Smith Warehouse Bay 9, room A289 Durham, NC 27708. Mail & Shipping: Dept. of Art, Art History & Visual Studies Duke University Box 90766 Durham, NC 27708-0766 Learn how you can connect and develop a sense of belonging. Housing and Residence Life manages all aspects of the university’s three-year undergraduate residency requirement. Residential programs are designed to build positive communities that value learning, create new opportunities for faculty engagement, and generate positive social …Start your journey with Duke. We offer many kinds of learning opportunities to meet the needs of today’s learner. Duke’s online courses and programs range from short on-demand courses to complete graduate degree programs. Explore our Courses and Programs pages to find an offering that meets your needs. Each entry includes a link to enroll ...Tuition & Required Fees: 2023-2024 2022-2023: Tuition (Trinity College and Pratt Engineering) $31,725.00 $30,217.50: UGrad First Time Registration (first year students only) Trinity College of Arts & Sciences. Box 90046 Durham, NC 27708 +1 919 684 4510 B.S.in Environmental Sciences. The Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Environmental Sciences is for students planning careers or advanced studies in the natural sciences. If you want to help forge new scientific or technological solutions to climate change and other challenges, this is the path for you. The B.S. degree requires 17-18 courses.If our signature undergraduate experience is a journey, your Duke Academic Plan is a personalized map of must-see attractions. Duke is chock-full of choices —including 6 majors and 3 engineering minors. Learn about tissue engineering, deploy AI, explore mechatronics and more. And that’s just the beginning.Korean. The Duke Korean program emphasizes communication and content-based learning as effective means to language acquisition. The curriculum has been developed in-house using innovative content-based materials based on history, literature, contemporary society, popular culture, and mass media. A 4-year Korean language program in a small-group ... Email: [email protected]. Administration: 114 S Buchanan Blvd Smith Warehouse Bay 9, room A289 Durham, NC 27708. Mail & Shipping: Dept. of Art, Art History & Visual Studies Duke University Box 90766 Durham, NC 27708-0766 Course Offerings. Lastly, the Margolis Center recommends undergraduates register for the following courses to continue their education regarding health policy. PUBPOL 165 (F/S) provides an overview of key health policy issues in the United States. Topics include: (1) sources of morbidity and mortality; (2) access to health care; (3) financing ...Duke offers a multitude of opportunities to its undergraduates. We’re looking for students ready to respond to those opportunities intelligently, creatively, and enthusiastically. We …38. Undergraduate Areas of Study. 137. Faculty Members. 685. Featured Video. When Duke senior Joseph (Joey) Scarpa plays the Aeolian organ in Duke Chapel, he says it’s …Two courses from Area I: Medieval and Early Modern. One course from Area II: 18th and 19th Century. One course from Area III: Modern and Contemporary. One Criticism, Theory or Methodology (CTM) course. One Diversity course. Three English Course Electives, at the 200-level or above (except for English 313A and 313A-1 Internship in New York)The Duke University Summer Research Opportunity Program (SROP) is a 10-week training program designed to give motivated undergraduate students hands-on experience in graduate-level biomedical research. We welcome applicants from around the United States who are seriously considering joining a… read more ».Guide to Undergraduate Research at Duke. Duke is among the top universities for research, but when you think of research, do you think of undergraduates? If you … The vice provost for undergraduate education also directs the Office of Undergraduate Education (OUE), a 100-person unit that delivers on Duke’s promise of a transformative, holistic undergraduate experience for students across Duke's four undergraduate schools: Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, the Pratt School of Engineering, the Sanford ... Our list of GSF alums offers more information on the variety of work that our former students now engage in. After reading about the undergraduate degree options and advising in Gender, Sexuality and Feminist Studies, we invite you to contact Jeremy Boomhower at [email protected] or (919) 684-3770 with your questions.Details of the Devil: The History of Duke’s Mascot. There is so much more to the Blue Devil than you know. Details of the Devil: The History of Duke’s Mascot premieres on YouTube March 19th at 6:00pm. Check it out to hear all the stories you never knew about Duke University’s iconic symbol. Watch Video on YouTube.Apply Now. Customize Your Degree. The Duke BME undergrad program is flexible—to match your interests. Choose to double major, with BME plus: Civil & Environmental …Duke’s undergraduate students and Robertson Scholars are well known for their ability to reason, analyze, and understand in unprecedented ways. You set the standard for academic energy and exploration in the sciences, liberal arts, and engineering. In recognition of that excellence, Fuqua offers current Duke, Duke Kunshan, and Robertson ... The Undergraduate Research Support Office is your hub to uncover and apply for relevant research opportunities. We provide a detailed listing that not only highlighting URS-Administered Programs, but also opportunities from Biological Sciences, Creative Arts, Engineering, Humanities, Physical & Quantitative Sciences, and Social Sciences. Mar 21, 2023 · NEW MAJORS & MINOR. The Earth & Climate Sciences major or minor is available to students who matriculated fall 2021 and later. Students who matriculated in fall 2020 or prior can either choose the new major or continue with their major in Earth & Ocean Sciences. If you have questions, please contact Brian McAdoo, Director of Undergraduate Studies. Undergraduate COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH INTERNSHIP. The Cognitive Neuroscience Research Internship (CNRI) is a fully paid semester-long research internship for Duke undergraduate students who want to learn how to conduct research on human behavior and cognition.Learn more about CNRI here. SUMMER NEUROSCIENCE …There are many options for students at Duke to pursue research, whether through independent study or work with individual faculty mentors, summer research programs or through established, interdisciplinary programs like Bass Connections. The first step in research is taking a step — any step — especially if it is still the first year.Course Offerings. Lastly, the Margolis Center recommends undergraduates register for the following courses to continue their education regarding health policy. PUBPOL 165 (F/S) provides an overview of key health policy issues in the United States. Topics include: (1) sources of morbidity and mortality; (2) access to health care; (3) financing ... October 14-17 (Sa-Tu) Fall break. October 23 (M) Shopping carts open for Spring 2024. November. November 1 (W) Registration begins for Spring 2024. November 10 (F) Last day to withdraw with W from fall classes. November 22-26 (W-Su) Thanksgiving recess. December. December 8 (F) Undergraduate classes end. Duke only accepts artistic supplements submitted through the online Slideroom portal. Do not mail Artistic Supplements to the Music Department office or to the Admissions Office, as those materials will not be formally reviewed. To apply to Duke or find other general information, go to the Duke Undergraduate Admissions website.Apr 5, 2021 · For the 2021-2022 academic year, Duke received 49,555 applications for undergraduate admissions, representing an increase of almost 25 percent from the prior year. About 10,000 more potential students submitted applications for 2021 admissions, compared to last year’s 39,717 undergraduate applications. “This was, by far, the largest one ... Estimated Cost of Attendance (Total Costs): $89,630-$90,366 * The Estimated Cost of Attendance is our best approximation of what each student at Duke would need to cover basic expenses for nine months before any financial aid is applied.You can find more information about costs and fees on the Bursar's website. **Miscellaneous Personal …Duke Biology is one of the few broad Biology Departments in the country, providing students, faculty, and staff with the opportunity to learn and perform research in a highly integrative and interactive setting. Our department hosts over 50 faculty, studying areas spanning developmental biology, cell biology, molecular biology, ecology ...Learn More. Our Degrees. We offer multiple pathways for students to graduate with a Biology degree. Our offerings include both a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Arts, along …Duke BME is Highly Ranked. #7 national university. #2 undergraduate biomedical engineering program. 62% of recent graduates had accepted a job offer or were considering one or more offers at the time of graduation. More Duke BME facts ». From your very first semester at Duke, our signature educational experience immerses you in: Hands-on …The Duke Career Center has recruiting guidelines and expectations to guide the behavior and actions and uphold the professionalism of students, employers, and others who engage in our programs and services. Students are also expected to uphold all of the standards outlined by the Duke Community Standard. We strongly recommend you become ...Funding and Support. Undergraduate research is strongly supported by Trinity College of Arts and Sciences through the Office of Undergraduate Research Support (URS), available to help students think about their research interests and better understand the variety of opportunities for undergraduate research at Duke along with a growing list of ...Math+ (formerly DOmath) is an eight-week collaborative summer research program in mathematics, open to all Duke undergraduates. The program consists of groups of 2-4 undergraduate students working together on a single project. Each project is led by a faculty mentor assisted by a graduate student.

Student Services Coordinator. [email protected]. (919) 613-7320. Suzanne Pierce is the Student Services Coordinator for the Public Policy Undergraduate Program. She has over 24 years of experience at Duke University working with undergraduate students.. Uncle cheetah's soup

duke undergraduate

The Trinity Curriculum Development Committee is committed to reviewing the structure and content of the curriculum that governs much of undergraduate education at Duke and proposing changes that speak to the interests and needs of our students in the coming decades. 3 days ago · Duke ECE undergraduate students pursue their interests in five areas of concentration: Computer Engineering and Digital Systems. Signal Processing, Communications and Control Systems. Solid-State Devices and Integrated Circuits. Electromagnetic Fields. Photonics. Assistant to the Director of Undergraduate Studies. Matthew Eggleston. Staff Asst (919) 660-1880. [email protected]. Department of Economics. 213 Social Sciences 419 Chapel Drive Box 90097 Durham, N.C. 27708-0097 T: (919) 660-1800 (Administration) F: (919) 681-7984. Academics. Undergraduate.B.S.in Environmental Sciences. The Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Environmental Sciences is for students planning careers or advanced studies in the natural sciences. If you want to help forge new scientific or technological solutions to climate change and other challenges, this is the path for you. The B.S. degree requires 17-18 courses.Undergraduate Teaching Assistant (UTA) Information. Applications for the Spring 2024 are now OPEN. Soft deadline is December 8th, 2023 at midnight. Apply Now. Upon successful completion of your application, you will receive an email confirmation. You can also double check if your application has been recorded by revisiting the application link.Our Offerings. The Undergraduate Program in Psychology offers Bachelor of Arts (AB), Bachelor of Science (BS), Interdepartmental (IDM), and minor degrees. Although the …Undergraduate Admissions Solve Hard Problems. Have Fun Doing It. You’re having so much fun you don’t realize how hard you’re working. Or, maybe, it’s the other way around: You’re so in-the-zone, lose-track-of-time immersed in the problem you’re trying to solve (and failing to solve, and finally solving) that you don’t even notice how much fun you’re having …URS Conference Grants. Enrolled Duke students are eligible to apply for a URS Conference Grant. This grant is an award of up to $500 to use towards registration, travel, or other expenses to present research they have conducted at Duke for one conference per semester. This award provides financial support for conferences, …Bachelor of Science in Biology. An in-depth learning experience where you will build a strong foundation of Biology, Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics, then explore upper-level classes in the areas of Biology that fascinate you the most. You will have the opportunity to conduct independent research and specialize in one of our 12 areas of ...For the 2021-2022 academic year, Duke received 49,555 applications for undergraduate admissions, representing an increase of almost 25 percent from the prior year. About 10,000 more potential students submitted applications for 2021 admissions, compared to last year’s 39,717 undergraduate applications. “This was, by far, the largest …For the 2021-2022 academic year, Duke received 49,555 applications for undergraduate admissions, representing an increase of almost 25 percent from the prior year. About 10,000 more potential students submitted applications for 2021 admissions, compared to last year’s 39,717 undergraduate applications. “This was, by far, the largest …Duke BME is Highly Ranked. #7 national university. #2 undergraduate biomedical engineering program. 62% of recent graduates had accepted a job offer or were considering one or more offers at the time of graduation. More Duke BME facts ». From your very first semester at Duke, our signature educational experience immerses you in: Hands-on …At Duke, College is a Verb. Our campus of 8,600+ acres gives students space to roam—both physically and intellectually. But it isn’t just the setting that makes Duke unlike any other university. It’s the feeling—the kinetic energy of connections forged, creativity sparked, and ideas born. It’s an electricity that inspires passion and ...Estimated Cost of Attendance (Total Costs): $89,630-$90,366 * The Estimated Cost of Attendance is our best approximation of what each student at Duke would need to cover basic expenses for nine months before any financial aid is applied.You can find more information about costs and fees on the Bursar's website. **Miscellaneous Personal …Electrical engineers at Duke University have determined the theoretical fundamental limit for how much electromagnetic energy a transparent material with a ….

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